ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Chronicle of Arsenic Poisoning in the 19th Century
https://apjmt.mums.ac.ir/article_7405_b0eb9446e41f61c5d0d5e7045fcddf6e.pdf
2016-06-01
36
41
10.22038/apjmt.2016.7405
Reza
Afshari
afsharireza@yahoo.com
1
1 Environmental Health Services, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada. 2 Occupational and Environmental Division. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Taheri M, Mehrzad J, Afshari R, Saleh-Moghaddam M, Mahmudy Gharaie MH. Inorganic Arsenic Can Be Potent Granulotoxin in Mammalian Neutrophils in Vitro. J Immunotoxicol 2016;13:686-93.
1
Taheri M, Mehrzad J, Mahmudy Gharaie MH, Afshari R, Dadsetan A, Hami s. High Soil and Groundwater Arsenic Levels Induce High Body Arsenic Loads, Health Risk and Potential Anemia for Inhabitants of Northeastern Iran. Environ Geochem Health 2016;38:469-82.
2
Afshari R, Bellinger DC. Editorial:Socially Responsive Toxicology, Looking Outside the Windows of Medical Wards: A Tale of Lead Exposure. Asia Pac J Med Toxicol 2015;4:95-6.
3
Anger JP, Goulle JP. [The Lafarge affair: a judgment in which toxicology didn't win fame!]. Acta Clin Belg 2006;61:25-31.
4
Lepine P. [The Lafarge case]. Bull Acad Natl Med 1979;163:239-43; discussion 243-4.
5
Adler L. L'amour A L'arsenic (Histoire De Marie Lafarge). Paris: Denoel, 1986.
6
Smith Barton B. XII. Case of Cancer successfully treated with Arsenic. Phila Med Phys J 1806.
7
Littlep P, Little W, Coxe J. Successful Exhibition of Arsenic in a Cancerous Affection of the Tongue; with Remarks on the Superiority of Mercury, exhibited in the State of Gas. Phila Med Museum 1808;3:204.
8
Crane FC. Efficacy of the Iodide of Arsenic in the Cure of Cancer. The Lancet 1839;32:828-9.
9
[No authors listed]. An Account of the External Use of Arsenic in the Cure of Cancers. Massachusetts Medical Society Medical Communications 1808;1:117.
10
[No authors listed]. Effect on a Malignant tumour of Hyperiodate of Arsenic. The Lancet 1843;40:749.
11
Redman Coxe J. Observations on the Use of Arsenic. Phila Med Museum1807.
12
[No authors listed]. A CASE of inveterate HEAD-ACH, cured by ARSENIC. The Medical Repository of Original Essays and Intelligence, Relative to Physic, Surgery, Chemistr 1807.
13
Jones R. Arsenic in Angina Pectoris &c. The Lancet 1832;18:244-5.
14
Martin T. Instance of the good effects of Arsenic in Chorea. Med Chir Trans 1813;4:45-7.
15
[No authors listed]. Arsenic in Chorea [A recommandation by Dr. Reese]. The Lancet 1840;33:776.
16
Black C, Sarjeant A. The Treatment of Cholera by Arsenic. The Lancet 1857;70:636.
17
Sarjeant A. The Treatment of Cholera by Arsenic. The Lancet 1857;70:562.
18
[No authors listed]. History of a Case of Ill-conditioned Ulcer of the Tongue, successfully treated by Arsenic. Med Chir Trans 1817;8:201-5.
19
Jones R. Case of Slow Poisoning by Arsenic. Prov Med J Retrosp Med Sci 1843;7:127.
20
[No authors listed]. Furunculus treated with Arsenic. The Lancet 1848;52:266.
21
Williams PH. Arsenic In Chronic Scabies. Assoc Med J 1853;1:301.
22
Julius F. Arsenic Smoking in Asthma. The Lancet 1861;78:138.
23
Wahltuch A. Cases of Asthma Nervosum, Successfully and Permanently Cured with Arsenic-Inhalations and Galvanisation of the Pneumogastric Nerves. Br Med J 1877;2:376-7.
24
Leared A. The Successful Use of Arsenic in Certain Kinds of Gastric Pain. Br Med J 1867;2:494-5.
25
Aveling JH. The Value of Arsenic in Menorrhagia and Leucorrhoea. Br Med J 1872;1:10-1.
26
Lockie S. On the Use of Arsenic as a Blood and Cardiac Tonic. Br Med J 1878;2:828-30.
27
Farquharson R. On the Use of Arsenic in Skin-Diseases. Br Med J 1880;1:802-4.
28
Strahan J. Arsenic in Gastric Ulcer. Br Med J 1884;1:1202-3.
29
Drummond E. Remarks on the Prophylactic Power of Arsenic in Malaria. Br Med J 1884;2:407.
30
Wiles S. On the Therapeutic Value of Arsenic in Anemia and Atrophic Conditions. The Lancet 1885;125:653-54.
31
Barton EA. Arsenic in Pernicious Anemia. The Lancet 1891;138:287.
32
Wright T. Case of Poisoning by Arsenic, without Inflammatory Morbid Appearances. The Lancet 1829;12:612-3.
33
Orfila M. Remarkable Case of Poisoning by Arsenic Mixed with Animal Matter,& #X2014; Correction of An Erroneous Analysis. The Lancet 1831;16:318-9.
34
Orfila MM, Baruel, Chevallier. Charge of Poisoning by Arsenic, Supported by an Erroneous Chemical Analysis. The Lancet 1831;16:679-84.
35
Greening J. Recovery from Poisoning with Two Drachms of Arsenic. The Lancet 1835;23:812-3.
36
[No authors listed]. Poisoning by Arsenic. The Lancet 1837;28:626.
37
Nunn EA. The Structural Changes in the Epidermis of the Frog, brought about by Poisoning with Arsenic and with Antimony. J Physiol 1878;1:247-426.
38
Marcet A. Some Remarks on the Use of Nitrat of Silver, for the Detection of Minute Portions of Arsenic. Med Chir Trans 1812;3:342-7.
39
[No authors listed].Test of Arsenic. The Lancet 1829;11:619.
40
Dodgson J. New Test for the Oxide of Arsenic. The Lancet 1831;17:97-8.
41
Venables R. On Certain Sources of Error in Toxicological Searches for Arsenic. The Lancet 1834;21:670-2.
42
Marsh J. Account of a Method of Separating Small Quantities of Arsenic from Substances with which it May Be Mixed. Edinburgh New Philosophical J 1836;21:229-39.
43
[No authors listed]. Academy of Sciences: Paris, June 14. Poisoning with Arsenic. Prov Med Surg J 1841;2:274-5.
44
Morton WJT. Morton's Apparatus for the Detection of Arsenic. The Lancet 1841;36:394-593.
45
[No authors listed]. Galvanic Test for Arsenic. The Lancet 1841;36:14-5.
46
Cattell T. On Certain Modes of Constituting the Arsenic of Commerce Self-Detective, When Given with Homicidal Intent. The Lancet 1847;50:385-6.
47
Skevington J. A Case of Poisoning with Arsenic Acid. Prov Med Surg J 1852;16:9-10.
48
[No authors listed]. Arsenic. Weekly Visitor, or Ladies' Miscellany (1802-1806) American Periodicals. 1805;3:319.
49
Ewen H. Cases of Poisoning with Arsenic. Prov Med Surg J 1842;3:505-6.
50
Barnes R. A Medical History of Six Cases of Poisoning by Arsenic. The Lancet 1847;50:651-3.
51
May GP. Case of Poisoning by Arsenic; with Remarks. Prov Med Surg J 1845;9:453-4.
52
Tomkins W. Poisoning by Arsenic.-Coroner's Inquest. Prov Med J Retrosp Med Sci 1843;6:215-8.
53
Murray J. A Case of Poisoning by Arsenic, Cured by the Tritoxide of Iron. The Lancet 1838;31:54-5.
54
Foster M. Three Cases of Poisoning with Arsenic. The Lancet 1841;36:305-7.
55
Allison W. Case of Poisoning by Arsenic: Employment of the Hydrated Peroxide of Iron: Recovery. Prov Med Surg J 1845;9:556-7.
56
Rayner J. Alleged Murder by Poisoning with Arsenic. The Lancet 1838;31:103-4.
57
[No authors listed]. Poisoning of Children at Runcorn, by Arsenic. Prov Med Surg J 1846;10:293-5.
58
[No authors listed]. Detection of Arsenic Seven Years after Death. The Lancet 1830;13:472-4.
59
[No authors listed]. Poisoning by Arsenic; Exhumation of the Body Three Years after Interment, and Discovery of the Arsenical Poison by Means of Chemical Analysis. The Lancet 1838;29:593-6.
60
Hedley GD. Case of Poisoning with Arsenic, Detected Six Months after Death. The Lancet 1843;40:801-2.
61
[No authors listed]. Preservation of Bodies by Arsenic. The Lancet 1838;31:246-8.
62
Snow J. Arsenic as a Preservative of Dead Bodies. The Lancet 1838;31:264.
63
[No authors listed]. Legal Medicine-Poisoning with Arsenic. The Boston Med Surgical J 1840;22:1.
64
Kerr AT. Chronic Poisoning by Arsenic. Br Med J 1875;2:610.
65
Hunt R. Arsenic in Candles. The Lancet 1837;29:472.
66
Ord WM. Arsenic in Fly-Papers. Br Med J 1878;2:688.
67
Brunton TL. Arsenical Poisoning by Wall-Papers: I. Report on Evidence regarding the Injurious Effects on Health Arising from Arsenical Wall-Papers and Other Articles Containing Arsenic. Br Med J 1883;1:1218.
68
Lyon DG. Arsenic in wall-paper. Science 1886;7:392-3.
69
[No authors listed]. Arsenic in Fabrics. Science 1889;13:119.
70
Robinson FC. Arsenic in Paper and Fabrics. Public Health Pap Rep 1891;17:212-6.
71
Murrell W. Preliminary Report on the Presence of Arsenic in Cigarettes. Br Med J 1896;2:96.
72
Coathupe C. Arsenic in Manufactures. The Lancet 1838;30:86-7.
73
Bateman R. Arsenic as a Colouring Matter. The Lancet 1857;70:378.
74
Morris MA. Report on Arsenical Poisoning by Means of Wall-Papers, Paints, etc. Br Med J 1880;1:275.
75
Stevenson T. Arsenical Poisoning by Wall-Papers: III. On the Behaviour of Arsenic in Contact with Putrefying Organic Substances. Br Med J 1883;1:1220-1.
76
[No authors listed]. A Discussion on Arsenic Poisoning. Science 1887;9:219-20.
77
Tunstall J. Observations upon the Sale of Arsenic & the Prevention of Secret Poisoning. Prov Med Surg J 1849;13:467-8.
78
[No authors listed]. On the Prevention of Poisoning by Arsenic. The Lancet 1850;55:551-2.
79
Cattell T. Discovery of Two Antidotes to Poisoning by the Arsenic of Commerce. The Lancet 1850;55:15-6.
80
[No authors listed]. A Bill Intituled "An Act to Regulate the Sale of Arsenic. The Lancet 1851;57:440-1.
81
De Bartolome MM. Case of Poisoning by Arsenic: Presenting Some Peculiarities. Prov Med Surg J 1849;13:72-4.
82
Morgan J. Poisoning with Arsenic, per Vaginam. The Lancet 1837;28:901.
83
Redman Coxe J. On the mode of detecting Arsenic in those poisoned thereby &c. &c: 'Remedies to save, if possible the life of a person who has taken Arsenic. Balck's Element of Chemistry. Phila Med Museum 1806;2:347.
84
Chambers R. Case of Poisoning from Arsenic: Treated with the Oxide of Iron. Prov Med Surg J 1842;3:489.
85
[No authors listed]. Antidote to Arsenic. The Lancet 1834;23:157.
86
Orton R. Observations on the Effects of Arsenic on the Animal System, and Results of Experiments with the Hydro-Oxide of Iron as an Antidote. The Lancet 1834;23:232-7.
87
[No authors listed]. Antidote against Arsenic. The Lancet 1838;30:625-6.
88
[No authors listed]. Poisoning with Arsenic—Successful Antidote. The Lancet 1840;33:901.
89
[No authors listed]. Poisoning by Arsenic of Nine Persons: Successful Employment of the Hydrated Sesquioxide of Iron. Prov Med J Retrosp Med Sci 1843;6:385.
90
Steinmetz A. Tobacco an Antidote for Arsenic. The Lancet 1857;69:360.
91
Churchill J. Laudanum an Antidote to Arsenic. The Lancet 1857;69:415-6.
92
[No authors listed]. Antimony and Arsenic. The Lancet 1857;69:488.
93
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Prevalence of Smoking in the Outskirts of Mashhad, Iran
Background:Globally, smoking is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality. It is also an important social determinant of health and the largest contributor to health inequalities. While several prevalence studies are conducted on special groups such as physicians, less such studies have been focused on deprived areas (areas with lacking adequate food, shelter, education, etc). The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of smoking in the outskirts of Mashhad, Iran. Methods:This analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 500 residents of sub-urban areas of Mashhad, Iran. Subjects were included and were interviewed using a multi-stage random sampling method. Results:Composition of subjects, 40% (200) were male. Mean age was 35±11 years. Twenty-four percent (117) of subjects were smokers (18% women and 33% of men). Hookah was used twice as much as cigarettes (18% vs. 9%, respectively). Smoking was most prevalent between 25 and 34 years old for both genders. More than 75% of smokers had low grade education. Conclusion:Smoking is of high prevalence in suburban areas of Mashhad. Target oriented interventions are needed to effectively lower this major health risk factor.
https://apjmt.mums.ac.ir/article_7330_2d424f29f9df0b5c6ac08c6e6c3c5af3.pdf
2016-06-01
42
45
10.22038/apjmt.2016.7330
Smoking
Hooka
Outskirts of Mashhad
Iran
Majid
Khadem-Rezaiyan
1
Resident of community medicine, Department of community medicine and public health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Maliheh
Dadgarmoghaddam
dadgarmm@mums.ac.ir
2
Assistant Professor of community medicine, Department of community medicine and public health, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of Prothrombin Time in Acute Acetaminophen Overdose treated by N-acetylcysteine
Background: Acetaminophen (N-Acetyl-p aminophenol; APAP) is one of the most common types of analgesics. It is also the most common xneobitic reported to poison centers. This study investigates if therapeutic doses of NAC can falsely increase coagulation tests, prothrombin time (PT) and bleeding time (BT). Methods: Thirty-six APAP poisoned patients whose acetaminophen serum concentration were in toxic zone in the Rummak-Matheiw graph were treated by NAC according to standard intravenous 21 hours protocol. Prothrombin time (PT) and bleeding time (BT) in all cases were measured before the start of the NAC and at the 8th and 16th hour of the treatment. Results: The mean age of the cases was 21.5 ± 5.12 years old. Among them, 31 cases (86%) were female. The mean dose of ingested APAP was 9.6 ±2.0 grams (7.8 – 16.1 g). Mean of SLA was 196.0±37.7. The means of BT were nor significantly different at all evolution times (2.6±0.64, 2.6±0.62 and 2.6± 0.6. The means of PT rose at 16th hour of NAC treatment in as compared 8th hour (16.1± 1.1 s 12.3±0.6 s, respectively) (P <0.001). Conclusion: With specific reference to our study results, a low level of rising PT resulting from an NAC treatment is not a reliable indicator of liver damage. Further investigation on the effect of NAC on clotting factors is recommended.
https://apjmt.mums.ac.ir/article_7352_11b27c9c2774f607c70cc673ee70bc12.pdf
2016-06-01
46
48
10.22038/apjmt.2016.7352
Acetaminophen Poisoning
N-acetylcysteine
Bleeding Time
Prothrombin Time
Babak
Mostafazadeh
mstzbmd@sbmu.ac.ir
1
Associate Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Soheila
Vaghefi
soheilavaghefi@sbmu.ac.ir
2
Clinical Specialist in Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Mofid Educational Hospital, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammadali
Emamhadi
emam@yahoo.com
3
Associate Professor of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Latif
Gachkar
latyif@yahoo.com
4
Professor of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of Iranian Snake ‘Macrovipera lebetina’ Venom Cytotoxicity in Kidney Cell Line HEK-293
Background:Envenomation by Macrovipera lebetina (M. lebetina) is characterized by prominent local tissue damage, hemorrhage, abnormalities in the blood coagulation system, necrosis, and edema. However, the main cause of death after a bite by M. lebetina has been attributed to acute renal failure (ARF). It is unclear whether the venom components have a direct or indirect action in causing ARF. To investigate this point, we looked at the in vitro effect of M. lebetina crude venom, using cultured human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) mono layers as a model. Methods: The effect of M. lebetina snake venom on HEK-293 growth inhibition was determined by the MTT assay and the neutral red uptake assay. The integrity of the cell membrane through LDH release was measured with the Cytotoxicity Detection Kit. Morphological changes in HEK-293 cells were also evaluated using an inverted microscope. Results: In the MTT assay, crude venom showed a significant cytotoxic effect on HEK-293 cells at 24 hours of exposure and was confirmed by the neutral red assay. Also, at 24 hours exposure, crude venom caused a non-significant increase in LDH activity of the culture medium at concentrations above 20 μg/ml. Various morphological abnormalities were observed in cells exposed to the venom and showed loss of their common polygonal shape, appearing as several roughly rounded cells of variable size. The M. lebetina crude venom induced detachment of cells from the plate. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that the Iranian snake M. lebetina venom causes a cytotoxic effect on kidney tissue not by necrotic mechanism but rather by secondary effects, including hypotension, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, rhabdomyolysis, myoglobinuria and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), which may lead to ARF.
https://apjmt.mums.ac.ir/article_7437_45ec3f15863bb1b8b1bbb1c9d1382b7c.pdf
2016-06-01
49
54
10.22038/apjmt.2016.7437
Snake venom
Cytotoxicity effect
HEK-293
Acute renal failure
Macrovipera lebetina
Hourieh
Esmaeili Jahromi
esm700@yahoo.com
1
Department of Biology, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Abbas
Zare Mirakabadi
zareabbas83@gmail.com
2
Department of Venomous Animals and Anti venom Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Morteza
Kamalzadeh
morteza_299@yahoo.com
3
Department of Quality control, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Knowledge and Confidence of Emergency Clinicians in Managing Toxicological Presentations
Background: Acute poisonings are common presentations to emergency departments (EDs) worldwide and require rapid assessment. Consultant emergency physicians (EPs) faced with various toxicological presentations must initiate rapid investigations and empirical management. This study aimed to determine emergency department doctors’ level of knowledge and confidence in toxicological presentations, and factors that predicted these outcomes. Methods: Target participants included members of the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine (ACEM) and readers of the emergency medicine website, “Life in the Fast Lane”. The survey was distributed electronically via the ACEM bulletin and posted on Life in the Fast Lane. A survey was designed based on toxicology multiple choice questions (MCQs). The questionnaire comprised 59 items: 10 demographic items; 20 items about confidence; 28 MCQs assessing knowledge of common and serious toxicological presentations. Results: There were 467 consenting respondents from 31 countries, with most residing in Australia (306/467, 66%). Respondents comprised similar proportions of consultant emergency physicians (196/467, 42.0%), and trainees (197/467, 42.2%). Almost two-thirds (292/467; 62.1%) had received formal training in toxicological emergencies, while a third (166/467, 35.5%) had participated in a relevant conference or workshop. A total of 284/339 (83.8%) participants completing all items achieved a knowledge test score >50%. More than 65% incorrectly answered questions on pharmacology of serotonin syndrome and lithium toxicity, and more than half incorrectly answered questions on use of 12 lead ECG in toxicology, calcium channel antagonist or tricyclic antidepressant toxicities. Predictors of overall knowledge for toxicology were receipt of formal toxicology education, and clinicians’ experience and seniority. Conclusion: The knowledge and confidence of doctors working in emergency departments is varied, yet correlated. Emergency medicine training programs should consider the benefit of reviewing current toxicological education, including the provision of further educational support to regional and rural hospitals.
https://apjmt.mums.ac.ir/article_7668_674bfbbe9e0fdf4152b35b28c56ab55a.pdf
2016-06-01
55
64
10.22038/apjmt.2016.7668
toxicology
Emergency Care Systems, Emergency Medicine
Clinical Assessment, education
Joseph
Monteith
joseph.d.monteith@gmail.com
1
Emergency Practice Innovation Centre, St. Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.[Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.]
AUTHOR
George
Jelinek
2
School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.[Emergency Practice Innovation Centre, St. Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.]
AUTHOR
jonathon
Karro
jonathon.karro@svhm.org.au
3
Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.[Emergency Practice Innovation Centre, St. Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.]
AUTHOR
Michael
Cadogan
mike.cadogan@gmail.com
4
Formerly Emergency Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia.
AUTHOR
Tracey
Weiland
tweiland@unimelb.edu.au
5
School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.[Emergency Practice Innovation Centre, St. Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.]
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Experimental Kinetic Analysis of Mesobuthus Eupeus Scorpion Venom Absorption by ELISA
https://apjmt.mums.ac.ir/article_7669_b2648bcf154eb4d3e2b6adea4fb721a8.pdf
2016-06-01
65
69
10.22038/apjmt.2016.7669
Zohreh
Hosseini
1
DVM Student, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
AUTHOR
Masoud
Ghorbanpoor
m.ghorbanpoor@scu.ac.ir
2
Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Khosravi
m.khosravi@scu.ac.ir
3
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mansour
Mayahi
mansoormayahi@scu.ac.ir
4
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Central Nervous System Neurotoxicity of Chronic Alcohol Abuse
https://apjmt.mums.ac.ir/article_7670_6793c72efcf5cab0cd56453f9709fc7f.pdf
2016-06-01
70
71
10.22038/apjmt.2016.7670
Chun Lin
Kwok
jkwok8@gmail.com
1
Raffles Medical Group, Singapore, Singapore
LEAD_AUTHOR